sapiens also overtook Africa and absorbed the older species of humanity. Following the rise of Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago, humanity spread all over the Old World, and later in the New World and Australia under the species Homo sapiens. The genus Australopithecus ranged across Africa between 4 and 2 million years ago, and the oldest remains of the genus Homo are found near Lake Olduvai. Many important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania, such as 6-million-year-old Pliocene hominid fossils.

According to the 2022 national census, Tanzania has a population of nearly 62 million, making it the fifth largest in Africa. Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania.

It borders Uganda to the north Kenya to the northeast the Indian Ocean to the east Mozambique and Malawi to the south Zambia to the southwest and Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Tanzania ( / ˌ t æ n z ə ˈ n iː ə/ Swahili: ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region.

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